جوارانا يسوعحلال - Guaraná Jesus Halal

ساعد من فضلك بإضافة وصلات في المقالات ذات العلاقة. (مارس_2010)






جوارانا (Paullinia cupana) نبات أصل من منطقة الأمازون البرازيلية. تعرف عليها الأوروبيون في القرن الثامن عشر ويرجع الفضل لعالم النباتات الألماني بوليني (F. C. Paullini). تتميز بذرتها بتركيز عالي لمادة الكافيين لتعرف بذلك عالميا. ولهذه الخاصية المنبهة فإنها تستهلاك بصور متعددة، على شكل بذور مجففة أو مسحوقة ومذابة في ماء أو عصير فاكهة.

يستعمل نبات جوارانا في طب الأعشاب كمحفز للقدرات المخ نظرا لتركيز الكافيين العالي فيه. في البرازيل تعد منه مشروب صودا يحمل اسم النبات معد من مستخلصاته. كما للمادة استخدامات أخرى للتخسيس وتخفيف الوزن فهي ماده حارقة ومذيبة للدهون والشحوم.

[عدل] وصلات خارجية

• نبات الغارانا guarana - فوائد الاعشاب - مدونة أم هيثم.

هناك المزيد من الصور والملفات في ويكيميديا كومنز حول: جوارانا


هذه المقالة عبارة عن بذرة تحتاج للنمو والتحسين؛ فساهم في إثرائها بالمشاركة في تحريرها




 
 
Guaraná Jesus is a Brazilian soft drink produced by bv0, a Coca-Cola bottler based in São Luís.[1] The drink is popular within the region, reportedly outselling Coca-Cola[2], and is made from extracts of the guarana plant, which contains caffeine (sometimes called "guaranine"), theophylline, and theobromine. Lago has noted that "Every Brazilian knows that guarana is a stimulant and that means it stimulates everything"[1]. The drink is named for Jesus Norberto Gomes, the druggist who formulated the drink in 1920. The drink has a pink color, a cinnamon aroma and a very sweet taste, and is marketed with the slogan "the pink dream".[3] The drink is now a brand owned by the Coca-Cola Company.


Guarana ( /ˌɡwɑrəˈnɑː/, from the Portuguese [ɡwaɾɐˈna], Paullinia cupana, syn. P. crysan, P. sorbilis) is a climbing plant in the maple family, Sapindaceae, native to the Amazon basin and especially common in Brazil. Guarana features large leaves and clusters of flowers, and is best known for its fruit, which is about the size of a coffee bean. As a dietary supplement, guarana is an effective stimulant:[1] it contains about twice the caffeine found in coffee beans (about 2–4.5% caffeine in guarana seeds compared to 1–2% for coffee beans).[2]

As with other plants producing caffeine, the high concentration of caffeine is a defensive toxin that repels pathogens from the berry and its seeds.[3]

The guarana fruit's colour ranges from brown to red and contains black seeds which are partly covered by white arils. The colour contrast when the fruit has been split open has been likened to eyeballs; this has formed the basis of a myth.[4]

Contents

[hide]

• 1 History and culture

• 2 Composition

• 3 Uses

o 3.1 Beverages

o 3.2 Cognitive effects

o 3.3 Other uses and side-effects

• 4 References

• 5 External links


[edit] History and culture

The word guarana comes from the Guaraní word guara-ná, which has its origins in the Sateré-Maué word for the plant, warana.[5]

Guarana plays an important role in Tupi and Guaraní Paraguayan culture. According to a myth attributed to the Sateré-Maué tribe, guarana's domestication originated with a deity killing a beloved village child. In order to console the villagers, a more benevolent god plucked the left eye from the child and planted it in the forest, resulting in the wild variety of guarana. The god then plucked the right eye from the child and planted it in the village, giving rise to domesticated guarana.[6]

The Guaranís would make a tea by shelling, washing and drying the seeds, followed by pounding them into a fine powder. The powder is kneaded into a dough and then shaped into cylinders. This product is known as guarana bread, which would be grated and then immersed into hot water along with sugar.[7]

This plant was introduced to European Colonizers and Europe in the 16th century by Oviedo, Hernández, Cobo and other spaniards chroniclers. By 1958, guarana was commercialized.[7]

[edit] Composition

A partial list of the components of guarana seeds.[8][9]


Chemical component Parts per million


Adenine



Ash

< 14,200

Guaranine (caffeine)

9,100–76,000

Catechutannic-acid



Choline



D-catechin



Fat

< 30,000

Guanine



Hypoxanthine



Mucilage



Protein

< 98,600

Resin

< 70,000

Saponin



Starch

50,000–60,000

Tannin

50,000–120,000

Theobromine

200–400

Theophylline

0–2500

Timbonine



Xanthine



The table to the right contains a partial listing of some of the chemicals found in guarana seeds,[8][9] although other parts of the plant may contain them as well in varying quantities.

According to the Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank, guaranine is defined as only the caffeine chemical in guarana, it is identical to the caffeine chemical derived from other sources, for example coffee, tea, and maté. Guaranine, theine, and mateine are all synonyms for caffeine when the definitions of those words include none of the properties and chemicals of their host plants except the chemical caffeine.[10] Natural sources of caffeine contain widely varying mixtures of xanthine alkaloids other than caffeine, including the cardiac stimulants theophylline and theobromine and other substances such as polyphenols which can form insoluble complexes with caffeine.[11] The main polyphenols found in guarana are (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin.[12]

[edit] Uses





Guarana Seed Powder.

Guarana is used in sweetened or carbonated soft drinks and energy shots, an ingredient of herbal tea or contained in capsules. Generally, South America obtains most of its caffeine from guarana.[13]

[edit] Beverages

Brazil, which is the third-largest consumer of soft drinks in the world,[14] produces several soft drink brands from guarana extract. The Portuguese word "Guaraná" is widely used in Brazil as a reference to soft drinks containing guarana extract. Brazilian sales of guarana beverages exceed those of cola drinks.[15]

In Peru, Guaraná is a Peruvian brand of soft drink containing guarana fruit, owned by Backus and Johnston.[16] In 2007 the drink had 5% of the Peruvian soft drinks market, and was relaunched with a new bottle and label and a light version.[17] A year later its sales had increased by 49%.[citation needed]

[edit] Cognitive effects

As guarana is rich in caffeine, it is of interest for its potential effects on cognition. In rats, guarana increased memory retention and physical endurance when compared with a placebo.[18]

A 2007 human pilot study[19] assessed acute behavioral effects to four doses (37.5 mg, 75 mg, 150 mg and 300 mg) of guarana extract. Memory, alertness and mood were increased by the two lower doses, confirming previous results of cognitive improvement following 75 mg guarana.

[edit] Other uses and side-effects

In the United States, guarana has the status of "generally recognized as safe".[20]

Preliminary research has shown guarana may affect how quickly the body perceives itself to be full. One study showed an average 11.2 pound (5.1 kilogram) weight loss in a group taking a mixture of yerba mate, guarana, and damiana, compared to an average one pound loss in a placebo group after 45 days.[21] Although inconclusive about specific effects due only to guarana, this study differs from another showing no effect on body weight of a formula containing guarana.[22]

Guarana extract reduced aggregation of rabbit platelets by up to 37 percent below control values and decreased platelet thromboxane formation from arachidonic acid by 78 percent below control values.[23] It is not known if such platelet action has any effect on the risk of heart attack or ischemic stroke.[24]

Other laboratory studies showed antioxidant and antibacterial effects, and also fat cell reduction in mice (when combined with conjugated linoleic acid) from chronic intake of guarana.[25]